| Select IAS IPS Daily Current Affairs Analysis | IAS IPS Daily Current Affairs Analysis |
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Headline: U.S. Clears Russia Sanctions Bill; India Faces Tariff Threat
Preliminary Facts (For Mains Answer Introduction)
Bill Passed by U.S. House: The U.S. House of Representatives on Wednesday passed legislation targeting Russia’s energy sector, individuals, and the “shadow fleet” of tankers, including authorising the U.S. President to impose tariffs of up to 100% on India and other countries for buying oil and gas from Russia. The House voted 262-159 in favour of the Bill.
Path to Enactment: The Bill, an amendment to the Senate’s “Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026”, will now head to President Donald Trump’s desk for his signature. Mr. Trump plans to sign the Bill, a White House official told The Hindu on Thursday. The President will have the authority, under the legislation, to waive sanctions in the national interest.
India’s Response: In its reaction, the Ministry of External Affairs said, “India remains firmly committed to ensuring energy security for its 1.4 billion people” via diversified sourcing of energy inputs, determined according to evolving market forces. India would also “protect its trade and economic interests,” it said.
Trade Deal Context: The Bill comes as New Delhi and Washington have been negotiating a preliminary trade deal.
Syllabus Mapping (Relevance)
GS Paper II: International Relations – India-U.S. relations, Sanctions, Energy diplomacy.
GS Paper III: Economic Development – Energy security, Oil imports, Trade.
GS Paper III: Security – Economic security, Strategic autonomy.
GS Paper II: International Relations – U.S. foreign policy, Russia-Ukraine war.
GS Paper III: Economic Development – Supply chains, Energy markets.
Deep Dive: Core Issues & Analysis (For Mains Answer Body)
A. Key Provisions of the Bill
| Provision | Details |
| Target | Russia’s energy sector, individuals, and “shadow fleet” of tankers |
| Tariff Authority | U.S. President authorised to impose tariffs up to 100% on countries buying Russian oil and gas |
| Potential Targets | Top five largest importers of Russian-origin crude oil or natural gas; countries facilitating Russian oil sanctions evasion |
| Exemptions | Countries that have taken significant steps to reduce Russian natural gas imports; imports less than 15% of Russia’s total gas exports |
| Presidential Waiver | President can waive sanctions in the national interest |
| Senate Passage | Passed 86-11 on August 7, 2026 |
| House Passage | Passed 262-159 on September 16, 2026 |
| Bill Name | Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 |
B. India’s Position
| Aspect | Details |
| Energy Security | “India remains firmly committed to ensuring energy security for its 1.4 billion people” |
| Diversified Sourcing | Sourcing determined according to evolving market forces |
| Trade and Economic Interests | “Protect its trade and economic interests” |
| Diplomatic Engagement | Issues discussed with various U.S. interlocutors at high levels |
| Implications Conveyed | Sanctions would have implications for bilateral relationship and energy markets |
C. Historical Context
| Aspect | Details |
| July 2025 Tariff | Trump administration announced an additional 25% tariff on India for purchasing Russian oil |
| Existing Tariff | 25% tariff already in place |
| Total Tariff | 50% on Indian goods |
| Russian Oil Share (Dec 2025) | Fell to lowest level in two years |
| Russian Oil Imports (April 2026) | Hit 11-month high |
| U.S. Treasury Pause | Paused sanctions for oil shipments in transit before March 11, 2026, amid West Asia conflict |
D. Potential Target Countries
| Category | Details |
| Top Five Importers | Largest importers of Russian-origin crude oil or natural gas in the 12 months preceding enactment |
| New Purchases | Countries that knowingly made new purchases of Russian crude oil on or after 30 days from enactment |
| Sanctions Evasion | Countries among top five “facilitating Russian oil sanctions evasion” |
| Named in Amendment (Not Passed) | China, India, Turkiye, Azerbaijan, Hungary, Slovakia, the UAE, and the Kyrgyz Republic |
| Exemptions | Countries with significant steps to reduce Russian gas imports; imports less than 15% of Russia’s total gas exports |
E. Political Dynamics in the U.S.
| Aspect | Details |
| Support | Passed with bipartisan support |
| Opposition | Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders, Rand Paul |
| Concerns | Sweeping powers given to the President; cost imposed on Americans via tariffs |
| Senator Blumenthal’s Statement | “To China and India: You better clean up your act. Buy your oil and gas somewhere else” |
Key Terms (For Prelims & Mains)
Shadow Fleet: A network of tankers operating outside international regulations to transport Russian oil, often used to evade sanctions.
Secondary Sanctions: Sanctions imposed on third-party countries or entities for doing business with a sanctioned country.
Presidential Waiver: The authority granted to the U.S. President to waive sanctions if it is in the national interest.
Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026: The legislation authorising sanctions on Russia and Iran, including tariffs on countries buying Russian oil and gas.
Energy Security: The reliable and affordable availability of energy resources; India imports approximately 85% of its crude oil requirements.
Trade Deal: The ongoing negotiations between India and the U.S. for a preliminary trade agreement.
Shadow Fleet: Tankers operating outside international regulations to transport Russian oil.
Mains Question Framing
GS Paper II (International Relations): “The U.S. has passed legislation authorising tariffs of up to 100% on countries buying Russian oil and gas. Analyse the implications for India’s energy security and bilateral relations with the U.S.”
GS Paper III (Economic Development): “India faces a tariff threat from the U.S. over its purchase of Russian oil. Discuss the challenges in balancing energy security with strategic relations.”
GS Paper II (International Relations): “The U.S. sanctions Bill targeting Russian energy is part of a broader strategy to pressure countries to reduce dependence on Russian oil. Examine India’s options in this context.”
GS Paper III (Security): “Secondary sanctions pose a significant challenge to India’s strategic autonomy. Discuss the measures India can take to safeguard its energy security and economic interests.”
Linkage to Broader Issues & Debates
Energy Security vs. Strategic Autonomy: India’s purchase of Russian oil is driven by energy security considerations, particularly amid global supply chain disruptions and high oil prices. The U.S. sanctions Bill creates tension between India’s energy needs and its strategic relationship with the U.S.
Geopolitical Balancing: India has been balancing its relationships with Russia (traditional defence and energy partner) and the U.S. (strategic partner) amid the Russia-Ukraine war. The sanctions Bill puts this balancing act to the test.
Diversification of Energy Sources: India has been diversifying its energy sources, including increasing imports from the U.S., Latin America, and Africa. However, Russian oil remains competitive and has been a key source amid global supply disruptions.
Trade Deal Negotiations: The sanctions Bill comes as India and the U.S. negotiate a preliminary trade deal. The Bill could complicate these negotiations and impact the broader bilateral relationship.
Global Energy Markets: The sanctions could disrupt global energy markets, particularly as the West Asia conflict has already disrupted supplies through the Strait of Hormuz and the Bab el-Mandeb.
Precedent for Other Countries: The U.S. sanctions Bill could set a precedent for targeting other countries that purchase Russian oil, potentially affecting global energy trade flows.
Conclusion & Way Forward
The U.S. House of Representatives’ passage of the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 marks a significant escalation in the U.S. pressure campaign against countries purchasing Russian oil and gas. The Bill authorises the U.S. President to impose tariffs of up to 100% on countries, including India, that buy Russian oil and gas. The President can waive these sanctions in the national interest.
India has responded by reaffirming its commitment to ensuring energy security for its 1.4 billion people through diversified sourcing, while protecting its trade and economic interests. The Bill comes amid ongoing India-U.S. trade deal negotiations and broader global energy market disruptions.
The Way Forward
- Diplomatic Engagement: India should continue high-level diplomatic engagement with the U.S. to convey its concerns and seek exemptions or waivers.
- Energy Diversification: Accelerate efforts to diversify energy sources, including increasing imports from the U.S., Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.
- Strategic Petroleum Reserves: Utilise India’s SPR to cushion against supply disruptions and price volatility.
- Trade Deal Negotiations: Ensure that the sanctions issue does not derail the ongoing India-U.S. trade deal negotiations.
- Protect Trade Interests: Continue to protect India’s trade and economic interests through all available diplomatic and legal means.
- Global Engagement: Engage with other affected countries to coordinate responses and advocate for stable global energy markets.
- Domestic Energy Production: Accelerate domestic oil and gas exploration to reduce import dependence over the medium term.
- Energy Transition: Continue the transition to renewable energy to reduce long-term dependence on imported fossil fuels.
The U.S. sanctions Bill poses a significant challenge to India’s energy security and strategic autonomy. India must navigate this challenge through a combination of diplomatic engagement, energy diversification, and strategic planning to protect its national interests.
Headline: PAC Pulls Up Railways Over Gaps in Amenities Despite Promises
Preliminary Facts (For Mains Answer Introduction)
Persistent Deficiencies: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) on Thursday expressed concern over persistent deficiencies in passenger amenities and sanitation across railway stations, with a recent Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) audit finding that bio-toilets, projected as a game changer by the Indian Railways, were found deficient or non-functional at 491 of the 512 stations inspected.
CAG Report Examined: The findings were discussed at a PAC meeting, headed by senior Congress leader K.C. Venugopal, which examined the CAG’s Report No. 31 of 2026 on passenger amenities and sanitation at stations.
Ignored Findings: Sources said Mr. Venugopal acknowledged the scale and complexity of managing the Indian Railways, but said that should not hamper basic services for citizens. He noted that four PAC reports on the subject have been presented since 2007, highlighting key deficiencies, but the Railways ignored the findings. He added that the Ministry of Railways continued to submit action-taken reports, without making any significant improvements on the ground.
PAC Directive: Sources said the PAC Chairperson directed the Ministry to review the committee’s observations, made since its 2007 report, and submit a response within a month detailing measures to address the deficiencies.
Audit Findings: The latest audit noted that while the Ministry had informed the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways in 2020-21 that it had introduced bio-toilets, water-vending machines and Wi-Fi facilities, several shortcomings remained. Audit teams found deficiencies in water-vending machines at 29 of 77 stations, and Wi-Fi facilities at 65 of 380 stations.
Syllabus Mapping (Relevance)
GS Paper II: Governance – Public service delivery, Accountability, Parliamentary committees.
GS Paper III: Economic Development – Railway infrastructure, Passenger amenities.
GS Paper II: Polity – Public Accounts Committee, CAG, Parliamentary oversight.
GS Paper III: Infrastructure – Railways, Sanitation, Public services.
GS Paper II: Social Justice – Passenger rights, Basic amenities.
Deep Dive: Core Issues & Analysis (For Mains Answer Body)
A. Key Findings of the CAG Audit
| Amenity | Deficiency |
| Bio-Toilets | Deficient or non-functional at 491 of 512 stations inspected |
| Water-Vending Machines | Deficiencies at 29 of 77 stations |
| Wi-Fi Facilities | Deficiencies at 65 of 380 stations |
| Drinking Water | Serious discrepancies reported |
| Seating Arrangements | Inadequate at many stations |
| Fans | Non-functional at several stations |
| Roofing on Platforms | Inadequate at many stations |
B. PAC’s Concerns
| Concern | Details |
| Persistent Deficiencies | Basic amenities have serious discrepancies |
| Ignored Recommendations | Four PAC reports since 2007 highlighted deficiencies, but Railways ignored findings |
| Action-Taken Reports | Ministry submits reports without significant ground-level improvements |
| Basic Services | Should not be hampered despite the scale and complexity of managing Railways |
C. PAC’s Directive
| Directive | Details |
| Review Observations | Ministry to review PAC observations since 2007 report |
| Response Timeline | Submit response within one month |
| Follow-Up Meeting | Another meeting with Railway officials after one month |
| Focus Areas | Drinking water, seating, fans, roofing on platforms |
D. K.C. Venugopal’s Statement
| Statement | Details |
| Importance of Subject | “One of the most important subjects concerning common passengers in this country” |
| Discrepancies | “Basic amenities provided to passengers have serious discrepancies” |
| Audit Findings | “The audit has pointed out serious lapses on the part of the Railways” |
| Follow-Up | “After one month, we will call another meeting with Railway officials” |
Key Terms (For Prelims & Mains)
Public Accounts Committee (PAC): A parliamentary standing committee that examines the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) to ensure accountability in government spending .
Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG): The constitutional authority responsible for auditing all receipts and expenditures of the Government of India and state governments .
CAG Report No. 31 of 2026: The audit report on passenger amenities and sanitation at railway stations .
Bio-Toilets: Eco-friendly toilets installed in trains and stations that decompose human waste using bacteria; projected as a game changer by Indian Railways.
Water-Vending Machines: Automated machines that dispense drinking water at railway stations.
Wi-Fi Facilities: Internet connectivity provided at railway stations for passengers.
Action-Taken Reports: Reports submitted by the government to parliamentary committees detailing action taken on their recommendations.
Mains Question Framing
GS Paper II (Governance): “The PAC has pulled up the Railways over persistent deficiencies in passenger amenities despite repeated recommendations. Discuss the challenges in ensuring accountability and service delivery in public sector undertakings.”
GS Paper III (Infrastructure): “The CAG audit has found bio-toilets deficient or non-functional at 491 of 512 stations inspected. Examine the implementation gaps in railway infrastructure projects.”
GS Paper II (Polity): “The Public Accounts Committee plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability in government spending. Analyse its effectiveness with reference to the Railways’ passenger amenities.”
GS Paper II (Social Justice): “Basic amenities for passengers, including drinking water, seating, and sanitation, are essential for dignified travel. Discuss the gaps in service delivery and the measures needed to address them.”
Linkage to Broader Issues & Debates
Accountability in Public Services: The PAC’s findings highlight the persistent gap between promises and delivery in public services. Despite repeated audits and recommendations, basic amenities at railway stations remain inadequate.
Railway Infrastructure: The Indian Railways is one of the world’s largest rail networks, carrying millions of passengers daily. However, infrastructure and amenities have not kept pace with demand.
Sanitation and Public Health: The deficiency of bio-toilets and sanitation facilities at railway stations poses public health risks and undermines the passenger experience.
Digital Divide: The deficiencies in Wi-Fi facilities at stations highlight the digital divide and the challenges in providing digital connectivity to all passengers.
Parliamentary Oversight: The PAC’s role in examining CAG reports is crucial for ensuring accountability. However, the effectiveness of parliamentary oversight depends on the government’s willingness to implement recommendations.
Action-Taken Reports: The PAC’s concern that action-taken reports are submitted without significant ground-level improvements reflects a broader issue of accountability in governance.
Conclusion & Way Forward
The Public Accounts Committee’s pulling up of the Railways over persistent deficiencies in passenger amenities highlights a critical accountability gap in public service delivery. The CAG audit found bio-toilets deficient or non-functional at 491 of 512 stations inspected, along with deficiencies in water-vending machines and Wi-Fi facilities. The PAC Chairperson noted that four PAC reports since 2007 have highlighted key deficiencies, but the Railways ignored the findings, submitting action-taken reports without making significant improvements on the ground.
The PAC has directed the Ministry to review its observations since 2007 and submit a response within a month detailing measures to address the deficiencies. A follow-up meeting will be held after one month.
The Way Forward
- Implement Recommendations: The Railways must implement the PAC’s recommendations and address the deficiencies identified by the CAG.
- Improve Maintenance: Strengthen maintenance protocols for bio-toilets, water-vending machines, and Wi-Fi facilities.
- Passenger Amenities: Prioritise basic amenities, including drinking water, seating, fans, and roofing on platforms.
- Accountability: Ensure that action-taken reports reflect genuine improvements on the ground.
- Monitoring: Establish robust monitoring mechanisms to track the implementation of recommendations.
- Funding: Allocate adequate funds for the maintenance and upgradation of passenger amenities.
- Technology: Leverage technology to improve service delivery and monitoring.
- Passenger Feedback: Incorporate passenger feedback in the design and delivery of amenities.
The PAC’s findings underscore the need for sustained attention to passenger amenities in the Indian Railways. Despite the scale and complexity of managing the vast network, basic services for citizens cannot be compromised. The Railways must take urgent measures to address the deficiencies and ensure a dignified travel experience for millions of passengers.
Headline: PM Pitches India as a Global Destination for Chipmaking
Preliminary Facts (For Mains Answer Introduction)
India’s Pitch to Global Chipmakers: Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitched India as a “new and trustworthy location” for electronics manufacturing, urging global chipmakers to consider the country’s potential to relieve electronics from the “weaponisation” of supply chains. He was inaugurating Semicon India 2026 in New Delhi.
Semiconductor Ecosystem Approach: “This is not a sector where you set up a factory and the job is done,” said Mr. Modi. “Wherever semiconductor ecosystems have been built in the world, the entire ecosystem has come together only after decades of hard work. But India, with your cooperation, has worked simultaneously on chip design, manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, the materials ecosystem, testing capability, and has demonstrated success.”
ISM 2.0 Notified: The Prime Minister’s address came days after the India Semiconductor Mission’s (ISM) second phase, which has an outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore, was notified.
Global Supply Chain Perspective: Describing India as the “mother of democracy,” he said, “When such a country succeeds in a critical industry, it strengthens the supply chain of the entire world. And today, when supply chains are being weaponised, its importance becomes much greater.”
Talent Development: IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said the government plans to train one lakh people who will be a “global pool of talent” and can “straightaway be employed in the factories which are coming up in India.” He added that the government was committed to training more than one lakh technicians over the coming five years.
Syllabus Mapping (Relevance)
GS Paper III: Economic Development – Manufacturing, Semiconductor industry, Supply chains.
GS Paper III: Science & Technology – Semiconductor technology, Electronics manufacturing.
GS Paper II: Governance – Government policies, India Semiconductor Mission.
GS Paper III: Internal Security – Supply chain resilience, Economic security.
GS Paper III: Economic Development – Skill development, Employment.
Deep Dive: Core Issues & Analysis (For Mains Answer Body)
A. Key Announcements at Semicon India 2026
| Announcement | Details |
| ISM 2.0 Notified | ₹1.27 lakh crore outlay for second phase of India Semiconductor Mission |
| Talent Development | 1 lakh people to be trained as “global pool of talent” |
| Technician Training | More than 1 lakh technicians to be trained over five years |
| Start-up Target | At least 200 start-ups and firms targeted under ISM 2.0’s chip design pillar |
| Industry Commitments | Applied Materials commits $5 billion over five years; Micron begins commercial production at Sanand |
B. PM Modi’s Key Messages
| Theme | Key Messages |
| India’s Potential | “New and trustworthy location” for electronics manufacturing |
| Ecosystem Approach | India has worked simultaneously on chip design, manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, materials ecosystem, testing capability |
| Supply Chain Weaponisation | “Today, when supply chains are being weaponised, its importance becomes much greater” |
| Global Impact | “When such a country succeeds in a critical industry, it strengthens the supply chain of the entire world” |
| Democracy | Described India as the “mother of democracy” |
C. Government’s Vision
| Aspect | Details |
| ISM 2.0 Outlay | ₹1.27 lakh crore |
| Six Pillars | Chip design, manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, materials ecosystem, testing capability |
| Talent Pool | 1 lakh trained professionals for employment in Indian factories |
| Technician Training | 1 lakh technicians over five years |
| Start-up Ecosystem | 200 start-ups and firms targeted under chip design pillar |
D. Industry Commitments and Perspectives
| Company | Commitment/Perspective |
| Applied Materials | $5 billion investment over five years to expand R&D centre and supply chain |
| Micron | Began commercial production at Sanand; capacity exceeds India’s entire laptop memory market |
| Infineon | Called India a “market of tremendous importance”; increased hiring by 28% |
| SEMI | CEO Ajit Manocha estimated semiconductor industry to cross $1.3 trillion this year and $2 trillion by 2030 |
E. The Broader Context
| Aspect | Details |
| Supply Chain Weaponisation | Refers to the use of supply chain dependencies as geopolitical tools |
| India’s Advantage | Democracy, talent pool, growing ecosystem, government support |
| Global Demand | Semiconductor industry growing rapidly; demand exceeds supply |
| Strategic Importance | Semiconductors critical for national security, economic growth, and technological sovereignty |
Key Terms (For Prelims & Mains)
Semicon India: An annual event bringing together semiconductor and electronics firms from India and other countries.
India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): A government programme to develop a sustainable semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in India.
ISM 2.0: The second phase of the India Semiconductor Mission, with an outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore.
Weaponisation of Supply Chains: The use of supply chain dependencies as geopolitical tools to pressure or coerce other countries.
Semiconductor Ecosystem: The interconnected network of design, manufacturing, equipment, materials, testing, and packaging capabilities required for semiconductor production.
Global Pool of Talent: A trained workforce that can be employed across different countries and companies.
Chip Design: The process of designing integrated circuits and semiconductors.
Commercial Production: The stage at which a manufacturing facility begins producing goods for sale.
Mains Question Framing
GS Paper III (Economic Development): “PM Modi has pitched India as a global destination for chipmaking, emphasizing the need to counter the weaponisation of supply chains. Analyse India’s potential and challenges in becoming a semiconductor manufacturing hub.”
GS Paper III (Science & Technology): “The India Semiconductor Mission 2.0 aims to build a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem in India. Discuss the key pillars of this mission and its significance for India’s technological sovereignty.”
GS Paper II (Governance): “The government’s focus on semiconductor manufacturing and skill development reflects its vision for India’s economic transformation. Examine the role of government policies in attracting investment and building talent.”
GS Paper III (Internal Security): “The weaponisation of supply chains poses significant risks to national security and economic stability. Discuss India’s strategy to build resilience in critical sectors like semiconductors.”
Linkage to Broader Issues & Debates
Supply Chain Resilience: The COVID-19 pandemic and recent geopolitical conflicts have exposed the fragility of global supply chains. India’s push for semiconductor manufacturing is part of a broader strategy to build resilience and reduce dependence on a few countries.
Strategic Autonomy: Semiconductor manufacturing is critical for strategic autonomy, as chips are essential for defence, telecommunications, and critical infrastructure. India’s dependence on imported chips makes it vulnerable to supply disruptions and geopolitical pressure.
Atmanirbhar Bharat: The India Semiconductor Mission aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiative, aiming to reduce import dependence and build domestic capabilities.
Skill Development: The government’s plan to train one lakh technicians over five years addresses the critical talent gap in the semiconductor industry. This is essential for attracting investment and building a sustainable ecosystem.
Global Competition: Several countries, including the U.S., China, Japan, and the European Union, are investing heavily in semiconductor manufacturing. India’s success will depend on its ability to attract investment and build a competitive ecosystem.
Economic Growth: The semiconductor industry has significant multiplier effects, creating jobs, driving innovation, and supporting other sectors. India’s success in this sector can contribute to its economic growth and development.
Conclusion & Way Forward
Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pitch for India as a global destination for chipmaking, delivered at Semicon India 2026, reflects India’s ambition to become a key player in the global semiconductor industry. The notification of ISM 2.0 with an outlay of ₹1.27 lakh crore, along with commitments from global companies like Applied Materials and Micron, signals India’s growing attractiveness as a semiconductor manufacturing destination.
The Prime Minister’s emphasis on the “weaponisation” of supply chains highlights the strategic importance of semiconductor manufacturing. India’s success in this sector will not only strengthen its own economy and security but also contribute to global supply chain resilience. The government’s focus on training one lakh technicians over five years addresses the critical talent gap.
The Way Forward
- Implement ISM 2.0: Ensure timely implementation of ISM 2.0 and its six pillars.
- Attract Investment: Continue to attract global semiconductor companies to invest in India.
- Build Talent: Scale up training programmes to create a skilled workforce for the semiconductor industry.
- Support Start-ups: Foster a vibrant start-up ecosystem in chip design and related areas.
- Strengthen Supply Chains: Build resilient supply chains for raw materials, equipment, and components.
- Global Partnerships: Strengthen partnerships with leading semiconductor nations and companies.
- R&D Investment: Invest in research and development to drive innovation in semiconductor technology.
- Policy Stability: Ensure policy stability and predictability to attract long-term investment.
India’s semiconductor ambitions are bold and strategic. With sustained government support, industry collaboration, and talent development, India can emerge as a significant player in the global semiconductor industry. The success of ISM 2.0 will be a key indicator of India’s ability to build a competitive semiconductor ecosystem.
